The territory of the former Soviet Union, including Russia, Siberia, Ukraine and Belarus, was one of the origins of the Slavic vampire. The word "vampire" for the first time in Slavic documents met with in Russian in the Book of prophecies, written in 1047 AD for Vladimir Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, who ruled in the north-west Russia. The text was written in a language which is largely considered protorusskim - a kind of language, which evolved from an older common Slavic language, but which sschg ns was definitely modern Russian language. The text gave the priest unattractive name "vampire lychee," which literally meant "evil vampire", or "extort a vampire" - unsporting priest. This term was probably borrowed from the southern Slavs, might the Bulgarians. Russian in Kiev took Eastern Christianity in 988, and competing with Bulgaria for Christian leadership. The areas of Russia, who were under the control of Prince Vladimir, united around the city of Kiev (Ukraine), accepted Christianity in 988, the same year Vladimir declared war on paganism. Then, Christianity spread from Kiev to the north and west. For several centuries, Christianity coexisted side by side with the existing tribal faith, but became an integral part of the merger of tribal cultures in the united states. The Mongol invasion in 1240 that destroyed Kiev, and their rule led to the fact that the center of power was transferred to Novgorod at the beginning of Alexander Nevsky. In the XIV century the center of power began to shift in the Duchy of Moscow and the main Christian clerical authorities approved in Moscow, though still called the Metropolitan Metropolitan "Kiev and All Russia." The western edge of Russia, including Ukraine and Belarus, have come under ever-increasing influence of the Lithuanian empire. Thus arose the modern Russia, reflecting the attack of the Mongols in the east and the Lithuanians (a Pole) to the west. As the state struggled with Western rivals, the Orthodox Church was in the process of eliminating the pre-Christian religions. This process was accompanied by the rise of new heretical religious movements, some of whom were from the merger of Christianity and pagan rites. With the emergence of a strong centralized state in Moscow in the XIV century, the government periodically acted against dissidents. During this period, and are preserved to the people who practice (or others thought that they practice) magic. They were known as witches and sorcerers. During the reign of Basil II in the middle of XV century in Russia has undergone tremendous changes, including the expansion of its territories. In 1448 there was a disintegration of the Union of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches that existed to deal with Islam, and for five years before the fall of Constantinople, Bishop of Moscow declared its autonomy. A period of strengthening both the secular authorities, as well as spiritual. Russian church has many prerogatives previously inherent Constantinople, and in the XVI century where the idea of Moscow as the "third Rome" - a new center of the Christian faith. Under Ivan III the Great territorial expansion has reached new heights with the accession of Finland and the movement to the east across the Urals. Thus was created the ground for the subsequent invasion of the valley of the Volga River during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, as well as the accession of Siberia and the land to the Pacific Ocean in the XVII century. In the course of several centuries of Romanov rule Russia continued its expansion to the west in the Baltic states, Belarus and Ukraine, although the most impressive achievement was moving south to the Caspian Sea to the border of Persia. By the time the Russian Revolution in 1917 the country adopted a size that it has today. Russian Revolution of 1917 gave rise to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991 and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although a number of former Soviet states have not acceded to the CIS, and decided to become the newly independent countries. Actually since we are primarily concerned with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.
Russian vampire. In modern Russia, the most common term for a vampire is a "vampire" - a term possibly borrowed from the Ukrainian "vampire". In Russia, the concept of the vampire is closely associated with a witch or sorcerer, who in turn were linked with the concept of heresy. Here defined as a deviation from dogma, regarded as important to the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Orthodox Church was fixed idea that the human body will not decompose properly, if the death occurred at a time when a man was excommunicated from the church. He could have been able to separate because of the immorality or heresy. Thus, a heretic (in related dialects and languages - eretnik, heretic, or eretnika erestun) could become a vampire after death. In Russian thought the relationship between heresy and the existence of vampires constantly increasing to as long as they do not become confused with each other. A person who is a heretic in his life, could become a vampire after death. Most likely a heretic, which could turn into a vampire, was one who practiced magic, under various names sorcerer, portselnik, wizard or sorcerer. Method of becoming a vampire is widely varied. Heretic also associated with witchcraft, practicing that, a person becomes a vampire. For many years in all large areas comprising Russia, the term "heretic" - has acquired a number of additional values. Sometimes Refers to members of many sectarian groups, which distracted people from the true faith. He also applied to the witches who sold his soul to the devil. Vampire heretic had a bad eye and could reduce the person to whom such Unal vamniricheeky view to the grave Dmitry Zelenin traced the emergence of a heretic, a vampire from the struggle that was waged against the orthodoxy of medieval religious sects. The sectarians were identified as "faithless" (ie,. People who hold a different belief). After the death of another religious affiliation associated with fallow dead "or the wicked dead, and, thus, they are not buried in cemeteries. If they die fie:) confession, then they were regarded as dead in sin. Since they did not believe in the true Bigan, perhaps, they served the devil, and therefore were considered witches. Heretic is usually destroyed by aspen stake, vsazhennogo and back, or by fire. On the study area evidence suggests that any person, including a pious priest, could become a vampire if magician intervened and gained body at death. Farmer returned as if recovered, but in fact he became erestunom (vampire), who began to feed his family. People in the neighboring villages began to die mysteriously. Near Elatomska in east-central Russia were reported heretic - women who have sold their soul to the devil. After the death of these women roamed the earth and tried to turn people against the true faith. They could find about cemeteries, as they slept at night in the tombs unclean. They can be identified by their appearance in the local bathhouse, where they produced a terrible noise.
Folk tales of the vampire. The vampire was the target of many Russian folk tales, collected in the XIX and early XX century, starting with the works of AN Afanasyev in 1860. As was typical for many folk tales, they served to uphold the values of society and to encourage a certain type of behavior. For example, a fairy tale "Death at a wedding" telling about the adventures of a soldier who was proud of his service to God and Caesar. Without knowing it, the soldiers brought with him a vampire for a wedding, where he began to pull blood from the newlyweds. Frightened soldiers nevertheless drawn into the conversation sorcerer and talking to him until then, until he knew the secret, how can we stop him. First, he stole a bit of blood, which drank the vampire, collected in two flasks and poured it back into the wound, which made a vampire on the bodies of the newlyweds. Then he led the villagers to the cemetery where they dug the body of a vampire and burned it. The soldier was handsomely rewarded for his actions and also for their courage in the service of God and the emperor. Sending Russian vampire in the other world should have all the traditional methods known in all the Slavic countries. Body of suspected vampire primarily dug out. Frequently count (best aspen) thrust into the heart. Sometimes the body could be burned (recorded Afanas'eva mentioned that for the burning of a vampire used aspen firewood). From the records area Olonets was known that the body is flogged before count stuck in my heart.
Vampire in Russian literature. In the XIX century vampire entered the world of Russian literature, along with the popularity of the German romantic stories of ETA Hoffmann and the works of Goethe. In 1840, Alexei Tolstoy (1817-1875) combined the popular Russian folklore, the vampire with a literary vampire, which originated in Germany and France. Two stories, "Ghoul" and "Family Ghoul" have become classics of the genre like horror, and Russian literature. The latter was filmed by Italian director Mario Bava as part of his horror anthology "Black Sabbath". Most recently, "Family Ghoul" served as the basis of the Russian film, released in the U.S. under the title "Daddy, Santa Claus is dead" (1992). At least two Russian story about vampires have been translated and widely disseminated throughout the world - "Vij" (or "Viv"), Nikolai Gogol and "Ghosts" by Ivan Turgenev. The first was the basis for two films - "Black Sunday" (released in the U.S. as "Black Sunday"), also posed as Mario Bava, and remade the film with the same title, made the son of Mario - Lamberto Bava. Russian version of "Via" was filmed in 1967.
Perhaps, in general, the first vampire movie was "The Mystery of Number 5", released in Russia in 1912. Unauthorized version of "Dracula" - the first screen version of Bram Stoker's novel was filmed in Russia two years earlier than "Nosferatu, a symphony of horror", a famous film by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. However, the vampire was a constant theme for the movie-making in Russia all these years.
The word "vampire" comes from the Hungarian language, where it existed in the form of vampir, but in general it is rather the word of Slavic origin. The Slavs it occurs, it occurs in similar form in Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, coexisting with such options as the Bulgarian word vapir, vepir, Ruthenian vepir, vopir, Russian vampire, Polish upier. In this regard, should quote Relstona, although it is worth keeping in mind that in some parts it is a bit outdated. His work is "Songs of the Russian people" was published in early 1872. "This name could never satisfactorily explain. The word" vampire "in that its form - vampir - southern Russian upuir, upir still compared with the Lithuanian wempti =" drink "and wampiti =" growl "," grumble "and removes it from root of pi-(to drink) with the prefix u = av, va. If this derivation is correct, the main feature of the vampire can be interpreted as a kind of intoxication with blood. In accordance with these ideas Croats called vampire pijavica (piyavitsa), but the Serbs say about the man with the face the red from the constant drinking, that he is "purple, like a vampire", Serbia and Slovakia called drunkard word vlkodlak (vlkodlak, that is a vampire). Slovenians and Kaszuby called vieszey - the name is similar to that in the Russian language gives a person born a witch. In Greece, for a vampire is a local names: "dressed in a flesh" (Cyprus), "ready to rise from the grave" (Tenos), "undecomposed (Kythnos)
Legend of the second. About superstitions.
Treatises XVIII century. about vampires, and then made in the XIX century. study allowed to identify the main features of this creature. Here too, there are many variants, but basically, a vampire can be recognized, evaluated the state of the body a few weeks after the burial. If it does not decompose and slightly chilled - a vampire. Another feature of the vampire - well-developed hair: thick, fused eyebrows, hands, covered with hair. Vampires Romania has a short tail covered with hair, which the heat may become longer. The tail is able to increase the miraculous powers of its possessor.
During outbreaks vapirizma to determine the correct grave at the cemetery ran virgin mare white or black suit, saddled teenage virgin. According to superstition, before the grave, hiding the vampire, the horse stumbles or stand on its hind legs.
If around the graves have small openings, it also indicates that it is a vampire: through these holes, he flies in the form of fog. People born from the union of vampire and death, have the gift of unmistakably guessing the dead, blood-suckers. In Serbia they are called "vampiruch" or "vampirovich"; in Bohemia and Hungary - "Dampier.
Generally, after the death of any person can become a vampire. But there is a certain group of people for whom this transformation is most likely: a defrocked, suicides, who took a violent death, witches, stillborn children, as well as everyone who is not buried in a Christian cemetery.
And some expect this grim fate even as a result of innate characteristics - born with teeth, or in headgear (with his head covered with the remnants of the amniotic membranes or placenta).
The category of those who can easily become vampires, are also people with very dark or light blue eyes, with red, like Judas, hair or red birthmarks on the body. When these people die, put them in a coffin and bury need special precautions. In Romania, the forehead of the deceased or a nail was hammered into his body pierced with needles. Skin grease pig, was killed on the day of St. Ignatius. To prevent the soul of alleged vampire back into the body, the mouth of the deceased put the head of garlic (in Romania), the consecrated communion bread (in Greece) or lemon (in Saxony).
To the dead could not leave the grave, he nailed to the bottom of the coffin. In Sudetes body wrapped in a woolen shroud: the vampire was supposed to get down on one loop in the year. In Russia in the coffin threw poppy seeds to the vampire counts them every night. Suicides and excommunicated from the church is usually buried at the crossroads. In Serbia, to protect the house from the vampire, the doors and windows with tar paint crosses.
In Romania, all the rooms are hung from the ceiling heads of garlic and rub them to doors, windows, chimneys and keyholes; in Russia, the roads leading to cemeteries, sprinkle with poppy seeds or seeds of wild rose: a vampire, one must collect them all.
To destroy a vampire, it is first necessary to pierce his heart wooden stake. In Russia, it uses aspen (of this tree was made by the cross of Christ). In other countries prefer thorns, reminiscent of the crown of Christ. In Dalmatia and Albania apply sanctified stylet. The action, which in Romania called "the great correction" is done at dawn, with the first rays of the sun, one who performs the rite, should plunge count one stroke, or a vampire can be resurrected. If the body does not crumble into dust, his decapitated gravedigger shovel and burned and their ashes dispel the wind, or buried at the intersection of two roads.
Legend third. On the first mention.
Evidence of the existence of "living dead" are collected from the XI century., Long before the appearance of the term "vampire". The first mention of the appearance of the "living dead" refers to 1304.
"Then the bishop of Chartres began his story, and he said:" Immediately after the cathedral at Bourges, was killed, excommunicated from the church, one of the knights of the diocese, despite requests from friends and family, I refused to let go of his sins, so that it served as an example to others: he committed a robbery. Accompanied by a priest, he was buried by soldiers, without my permission, the church of Saint-Pierre. The next morning his body was found far from the burial. It was found by soldiers, it was nothing but clothes, in which he was buried. The corpse was buried again, and carefully closed the tomb of earth and stones, but the next day he was again thrown out of the grave, with the tomb itself was untouched. Five times the body is buried, five times with horror found him outside the tomb. And then, resigned, the soldiers buried the corpse away from the church cemetery. Frightened by the generals, as we had wished and had concluded peace with us. "
An excerpt from the minutes of the cathedral church in 1304
Legend third. On the essence.
"Ancient Lamia - these are substantive, rather, is deceased people that may go out of the grave, is alive and participate in life. In most cases, interference is an evil and brings bad luck.
"Not dead, vampires - a kind lamy. They also rise from the grave and suck the living.
They can live a century, and longer lives, become so powerful. Each victim was sucked their power grows, also grows and knowledge.
They may apply to certain animals: a cat, a bat, a snake, etc., can surround himself with a mist, or even turn into mist. They love moonlit nights and the lunar beam float, as the River.
My teeth have long, sharp, fingers too long, with sharp nails, giving them the opportunity to crawl over the steep walls.
The stronger a vampire, so it is easier lulls his victim with his eyes or touch. The most powerful man under the gaze of a vampire is helpless, no courage will not help - people falling asleep against their will, and then he would sacrifice a true vampire.
Vampire sucked into one to two hours, sometimes three, four. The first time the most difficult: the victim is afraid and resists. But then it is easier for the patient and waiting for the arrival of the torturer wants to ...
Sometimes the vampire falls in love, and then suction is very quiet, he enjoys a little, saving long life of the beloved.
In such cases, the victim herself becomes a vampire, but in other cases - is a rarity. Love is always between a man and a woman (oooh, really ?...); suck same can, without distinction of sex and age (that's for sure). But noted that preference is given to children and young people (of course, who hunt to feed the same stale product?;)
Vampires prefer the night, especially the moon, can not walk or even suck in the daytime, but that's more powerful, or live a long time.
Many animals are subject to them, but their smell and fear, especially their hate horses and dogs, these friends of man. They seem to guess at their enemies.
The most powerful vampires can control up to a certain extent, of course, natural phenomena, such as: winds, clouds, fog, etc.
The weak side of all vampires - is one that each must have its own shelter and lie down in it as a corpse in the continuation of famous watches. During those hours they are, ie Vampires, in turn, completely helpless, and so carefully try to hide their refuge and even have them on a few. Asylum should be near the area adventures of a vampire, otherwise he runs the risk that the fatal hour catches him away from the shelter. Sleep is not in its place is extremely dangerous.
Older, experienced vampires can take root in their portraits, but not for long.
With success in adventures, ie when victims enough, the vampire younger and prettier. Only a reddish glow of the eyes and red lips spoil the impression. (taste and color ...) If for any reason vampire must flee, as if to say, starve, he turns pale, sereet, is slow-moving and terribly angry. Still, he can lie for several years confined to the place - thanks to the conspiracy and various spells - and still remain, so to speak, alive. In the first case it slip away again and attacked on live people.
The time when conducting a vampire in his coffin, or, as it is called, "vampire dream", it is difficult to determine. Only in this issue a lot of difference of opinion. Perhaps, for different localities and for different subjects, ie for subjects vampire power, it is different. In any case, it revolves around sunrise and sunset. Favorite hour of the vampires - it is twelve o'clock at night.
We vampires are something like a hierarchy, they bow to the strongest. But who is the strongest of these, again there was no telling at one point even goes so that it is the ancient gods, who brought the bloody human sacrifices. One seat can be translated as: "Disobedience is punishable, or captured the intended victim is punished." But how and by whom, it is impossible to understand. There is, rather, were, in ancient times the great krovopozhirateli, in front of them lean all vampires, Lamia and other living dead.
Learn vampire easier at night than during the day. At night, timeliness and the appearance of impropriety is often point to its existence. For example, the emergence of a young woman in the bedroom of men and vice versa.
Day intelligent vampires very difficult to distinguish, they are perfectly imitate the living. Their main feature: they do not eat or drink. A careful observer might notice that under the sun, nor the moonlight, they do not cast shadows. In addition, an enemy of vampires mirrors. They always seek to destroy them. This is because the mirror is not visible reflection of a vampire, and it gives him. "
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The territory of the former Soviet Union, including Russia, Siberia, Ukraine and Belarus, was one of the origins of the Slavic vampire. The word "vampire" for the first time in Slavic documents met with in Russian in the Book of prophecies, written in 1047 AD for Vladimir Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, who ruled in the north-west Russia. The text was written in a language which is largely considered protorusskim - a kind of language, which evolved from an older common Slavic language, but which sschg ns was definitely modern Russian language. The text gave the priest unattractive name "vampire lychee," which literally meant "evil vampire", or "extort a vampire" - unsporting priest. This term was probably borrowed from the southern Slavs, might the Bulgarians. Russian in Kiev took Eastern Christianity in 988, and competing with Bulgaria for Christian leadership. 
